Taxonomy
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List of Marine Mammal Species and Subspecies
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The Ad-Hoc Committee on Taxonomy, chaired by Bill Perrin, has produced the first official SMM list of marine mammal species and subspecies. Consensus on some issues was not possible; this is reflected in the footnotes. This list will be revisited and possibly revised every few months reflecting the continuing flux in marine mammal taxonomy. It can be cited as follows: “Committee on Taxonomy. 2009. List of marine mammal species and subspecies. Society for Marine Mammalogy, www.marinemammalscience.org, consulted on [date].” This list includes living and recently extinct species and subspecies. It is meant to reflect prevailing usage and recent revisions published in the peer-reviewed literature. Author(s) and year of description of the species follow the Latin species name; when these are enclosed in parentheses, the species was originally described in a different genus. Classification and scientific names follow Rice (1998), with adjustments reflecting more recent literature. Common names are arbitrary and change with time and place; one or two currently frequently used in English and/or a range language are given here. Additional English common names and common names in French, Spanish, Russian and other languages are available at www.marinespecies.org/cetacea/. The cetaceans genetically and morphologically fall firmly within the artiodactyl clade (Geisler and Uhen, 2005), and therefore we include them in the order Cetartiodactyla, with Cetacea, Mysticeti and Odontoceti as unranked taxa (recognizing that the classification within Cetartiodactyla remains partially unresolved -- e.g., see Spaulding et al., 2009)1. Below the rank of order, we list only families, species and subspecies, omitting superfamilies, subfamilies and taxa of other ranks. In the Carnivora, Brunner (2004) reduced Arctocephalus forsteri and A. galapagoensis to subspecies of A. australis and A. townsendi to a subspecies of A. philippii. In addition, A. philippii is split from the genus Arctocephalus and placed in the newly resurrected genus Arctophoca Peters, 18662. Two independent lines of evidence now support full species status for the Galapagos sea lion, as Zalophus wollebaeki Sivertsen, 1953 (Dasmahapatra et al., 2009). Brunner (2004) advised use of Otaria byronia (Blainville, 1820) over O. flavescens (Shaw, 1800). Phillips et al. (2009) recognized Loughlin's northern sea lion. The Laptev walrus is no longer recognized as a subspecies (Lindqvist et al., 2008). The use of Lontra rather than Lutra for the marine otter follows Larivière (1998) in recognizing the otters of North and South America as a monophyletic taxon distinct from the otters of Eurasia. In the mysticete cetaceans, recent genetic evidence strongly supports the recognition of three separate phylogenetic species of right whales (Rosenbaum et al., 2000). In addition, the genus Eubalaena (rather than Balaena as in Rice, 1998) is retained for the right whales as recommended by the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission (IWC, 2002)3. All Bryde's whales are provisionally considered to comprise a single species, Balaenoptera edeni, following the usage of the IWC (IWC 2002, 2008) and Kato and Perrin (2009). Balaenoptera omurai is a newly described species (Wada et al., 2003). It was previously confounded with the Bryde's whale and has been confirmed as having a separate and ancient lineage (Sasaki et al. 2006). Clarke (2004) proposed recognition of a pygmy form of the fin whale as a subspecies, based on distribution, size and coloration. He resurrected the synonym patachonica Burmeister, 1865 to apply to the subspecies: B. physalus patachonica. In the odontocetes, Mesoplodon traversii (spade-toothed whale) has been recognized as the senior synonym for M. bahamondi (Bahamonde's beaked whale) (van Helden et al., 2002). Mesoplodon perrini is a newly described species (Dalebout et al., 2002). Robineau et al. (2007) described the subspecies Cephalorhynchus commersonii kerguelenensis, and A. Baker et al. described C. hectori maui. We follow the IWC in listing only two species of Sousa; the taxonomy of this group is in flux (Parra and Ross, 2009). The tucuxi has been split into the freshwater Sotalia fluviatilis (retaining the common name tucuxi) and the marine Guiana dolphin S. guianensis (Caballero et al. 2007). Recognition of the Black Sea bottlenose dolphin is now well-supported by genetic data (Viaud-Martinez et al., 2008), as is the Black Sea common dolphin (Natoli et al., 2008). Delphinus tropicalis is now considered a subspecies of D. capensis (Jefferson, 2002). Perrin et al. (1999) established the subspecies Stenella longirostris roseiventris. The Irrawaddy dolphin was recently split into O. brevirostris and O. heinsohni, the Australian snubfin dolphin (Beasley et al., 2005). Wang et al. (2008) established Neophocaena asiaeorientalis as a full species, with two subspecies. Viaud-Martinez et al. (2007) concluded based on morphological and genetic evidence that Phocoena phocoena relicta is a valid subspecies. In the Sirenia, subspecies of the dugong are not currently recognized (Domning, 1996). For review of species concepts, see Reeves et al. (2004), Orr and Coyne (2004), de Queiroz (2007) and Perrin (2009). Perrin et al. (2009) reviewed the cetacean subspecies, but that review has not yet appeared in the peer-reviewed literature and is therefore not considered here; the subspecies (including for the Carnivora and Sirenia) are as recognized by Rice (1998), with the above-noted changes. Corrections and comments should be directed to the Ad Hoc Committee on Taxonomy (william.perrin@noaa.gov). Divergent opinions by members of the Committee on particular taxonomic questions are given in the footnotes.
Order Carnivora
Family Otariidae (eared seals and sea lions; 13 species, of which 1 extinct)Arctocephalus pusillus (Schreber, 1775) Cape fur seal A. p. pusillus (Schreber, 1775). Cape fur seal A. p. doriferus Wood Jones, 1925. Australian fur seal Arctocephalus gazella (Peters, 1875). Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus tropicalis (Gray, 1872). Subantarctic fur seal Arctocephalus australis (Zimmerman, 1783) A. a. australis (Zimmermann, 1783). Falkland Islands fur seal A. a. forsteri (Lesson, 1828). New Zealand fur seal A. a. galapagoensis Heller, 1904. Galapagos fur seal A. a. gracilis Nehring, 1887. South American fur seal Arctophoca philippii (Peters, 1866) A. p. philippi Peters, 1866. Juan Fernandez fur seal A. p. townsendi (Merriam, 1897). Guadalupe fur seal Callorhinus ursinus (Linnaeus, 1758). Northern fur seal Zalophus japonicus (Peters, 1866). Japanese sea lion (extinct) Zalophus californianus (Lesson, 1828). California sea lion Zalophus wollebaeki Sivertsen, 1953. Galapagos sea lion Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776). Steller sea lion, northern sea lion E. j. jubatus (Schreber, 1776). Western Steller sea lion E. j. monteriensis (Gray, 1859). Loughlin's northern sea lion Neophoca cinerea (Peron, 1816). Australian sea lion Phocarctos hookeri (Gray, 1844). New Zealand sea lion Otaria byronia (Blainville, 1820). South American sea lion Family OdobenidaeOdobenus rosmarus (Linnaeus, 1758). Walrus O. r. rosmarus (Linnaeus, 1758). Atlantic walrus O. r. divergens (Illiger, 1815). Pacific walrus Family Phocidae (earless seals; 19 species, of which 1extinct)Erignathus barbatus (Erxleben, 1777). Bearded seal E. b. barbatus (Erxleben, 1777). Atlantic bearded seal E. b. nauticus (Pallas, 1881). Pacific bearded seal Phoca vitulina (Linnaeus, 1758). Harbor seal, common seal P. v. vitulina (Linnaeus, 1758). Eastern Atlantic harbor seal P. v. concolor DeKay, 1842. Western Atlantic harbor seal P. v. mellonae Doutt, 1942. Hudson Bay harbor seal P. v. stejnegeri Allen, 1902. Western Pacific harbor seal P. v. richardii (Gray, 1864). Pacific harbor seal Phoca largha (Pallas, 1811. Spotted seal, largha seal Pusa hispida (Schreber, 1775). Ringed seal P. h. hispida (Schreber, 1775). Arctic Ringed seal P. h. botnica (Gmelin, 1788). Baltic ringed seal P. h. ochotensis (Nordquist, 1889) Okhotsk ringed seal P. h. ladogensis (Nordquist, 1889). Lake Ladoga seal P. h. saimensis (Nordquist, 1889). Saima seal Pusa caspica (Gmelin, 1788). Caspian seal Pusa sibirica (Gmelin, 1788. Baikal seal Halichoerus grypus (Fabricius, 1791). Gray seal H. g. grypus (Fabricius, 1791). Western Atlantic gray seal H. g. macrorhynchus Hornschuh and Schilling, 1851. Eastern Atlantic gray seal Histriophoca fasciata (Zimmerman, 1783). Ribbon seal Pagophilus groenlandicus (Erxleben, 1777). Harp seal Cystophora cristata (Erxleben, 1777). Hooded seal Monachus tropicalis (Gray, 1850). Caribbean monk seal (extinct) Monachus monachus (Hermann, 1779). Mediterranean monk seal Monachus schauinslandi Matschie, 1905. Hawaiian monk seal Mirounga leonina (Linnaeus, 1758). Southern elephant seal Mirounga angustirostris (Gill, 1866). Northern elephant seal Leptonychotes weddellii (Lesson, 1826). Weddell seal Ommatophoca rossii Gray, 1844. Ross seal Lobodon carcinophaga (Hombron and Jacquinot, 1842). Crabeater seal Hydrurga leptonyx (Blainville, 1820). Leopard seal Family UrsidaeUrsus maritimus Phipps, 1774. Polar bear U. m. maritimus Phipps, 1774. Atlantic polar bear U. m. marinus Pallas, 1776. Pacific polar bear Family MustelidaeEnhydra lutris (Linnaeus, 1758). Sea otter E. l. lutris (Linnaeus, 1758). Western sea otter E. l. kenyoni Wilson, 1991. Eastern sea otter E. l. nereis (Merriam, 1904). Southern sea otter Lontra felina (Molina, 1782). Marine otter
Order Cetartiodactyla (artiodactyls and cetaceans)
CETACEA (cetaceans; 87 species, of which 1 extinct)
MYSTICETI (baleen whales, 14 species)Family Balaenidae (right whales, 4 species)Eubalaena glacialis (Müller, 1776). North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena japonica (Lacépède, 1818). North Pacific right whale Eubalaena australis (Desmoulins, 1822). Southern right whale Balaena mysticetus Linnaeus, 1758. Bowhead whale, Greenland whale Family NeobalaenidaeCaperea marginata (Gray, 1846). Pygmy right whale Family EschrichtiidaeEschrichtius robustus (Lilljeborg, 1861). Gray whale Family Balaenopteridae (rorquals, 8 species)Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski, 1781). Humpback whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacépède, 1804. Common minke whale B. a. acutorostrata Lacépède, 1804. North Atlantic minke whale B. a. scammoni Deméré, 1986. North Pacific minke whale B. a. un-named subsp. Dwarf minke whale Balaenoptera bonaerensis Burmeister, 1867. Antarctic minke whale Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1879. Bryde's whale Balaenoptera omurai Wada, Oishi and Yamada, 2003. Omura's whale Balaenoptera borealis Lesson, 1828. Sei whale B. b. borealis Lesson, 1828. Northern sei whale B. b. schlegellii Flower, 1865. Southern sei whale Balaenoptera physalus (Linnaeus, 1758). Fin whale B. p. physalus (Linnaeus, 1758). Northern fin whale B. p. quoyi Fischer, 1829). Southern fin whale B. p. patachonica Burmeister, 1865. Pygmy fin whale Balaenoptera musculus (Linnaeus, 1758). Blue whale B. m. musculus (Linnaeus, 1758). Northern blue whale B. m. intermedia Burmeister, 1871. Southern blue whale B. m. indica Blyth, 1859. Indian Ocean blue whale B. m. brevicauda Ichihara, 1966. Pygmy blue whale
ODONTOCETI (toothed whales, dolphins and porpoises; 73 species, of which 1 extinct)Family PhyseteridaePhyseter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758. Sperm whale, cachalot Family KogiidaeKogia breviceps (Blainville, 1838). Pygmy sperm whale Kogia sima (Owen, 1866). Dwarf sperm whale Family Ziphiidae (beaked whales, 21 species)Ziphius cavirostris G. Cuvier, 1823. Cuvier's beaked whale, goose-beaked whale Berardius arnuxii Duvernoy, 1851. Arnoux' beaked whale Berardius bairdii Stejneger, 1883. Baird's beaked whale Tasmacetus shepherdi Oliver, 1937. Shepherd's beaked whale, Tasman beaked whale Indopacetus pacificus (Longman, 1926). Longman's beaked whale, tropical bottlenose whale, Hyperoodon ampullatus (Forster, 1770). Northern bottlenose whale Hyperoodon planifrons Flower, 1882. Southern bottlenose whale Mesoplodon hectori (Gray, 1871). Hector's beaked whale Mesoplodon mirus True, 1913. True's beaked whale Mesoplodon europaeus (Gervais, 1855). Gervais' beaked whale Mesoplodon bidens (Sowerby, 1804). Sowerby's beaked whale Mesoplodon grayi von Haast, 1876. Gray's beaked whale Mesoplodon perrini Dalebout, Mead, Baker, Baker and van Helden, 2002. Perrin's beaked whale Mesoplodon peruvianus Reyes, Mead and Van Waerebeek, 1991. Pygmy beaked whale Mesoplodon bowdoini Andrews, 1908. Andrew's beaked whale Mesoplodon traversii (Gray, 1874). Spade-toothed whale Mesoplodon carlhubbsi Moore, 1963. Hubbs' beaked whale Mesoplodon ginkgodens Nishiwaki and Kamiya, 1958. Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale Mesoplodon stejnegeri True, 1885. Stejneger's beaked whale Mesoplodon layardii (Gray, 1865). Strap-toothed beaked whale Mesoplodon densirostris (Blainville, 1817. Blainville's beaked whale Family PlatanistidaePlatanista gangetica (Lebeck, 1801). South Asian river dolphin, Indian River dolphin P. g. gangetica (Lebeck, 1801). Susu, Ganges river dolphin P. g. minor Owen, 1853. Bhulan, Indus river dolphin Family IniidaeInia geoffrensis (Blainville, 1817). Amazon river dolphin I. g. geoffrensis(Blainville, 1817). Boto I. g. humboldtiana Pilleri and Gihr, 1977. Orinoco bufeo I. g. boliviensis d'Orbigny, 1834. Bolivian bufeo Family LipotidaeLipotes vexillifer (Miller, 1918). Baiji, Yangtze river dolphin - extinct Family PontoporiidaePontoporia blainvillei (Gervais and d'Orbigny, 1821). Franciscana, La Plata dolphin Family MonodontidaeMonodon monoceros Linnaeus, 1758. Narwhal Delphinapterus leucas (Pallas, 1776). Beluga, white whale Family Delphinidae (36 species)Cephalorhynchus commersonii (Lacépède, 1804). Commerson's dolphin C. c. commersonii (Lacépède, 1804). Commerson's dolphin C. c. kerguelenensis Robineau, Goodall, Pichler and C. S. Baker, 2007. Kerguelen Islands Commerson's dolphin Cephalorhynchus eutropia (Gray, 1846). Chilean dolphin Cephalorhynchus heavisidii (Gray, 1828). Heaviside's dolphin, Haviside’s dolphin Cephalorhynchus hectori (Van Beneden, 1881). Hector's dolphin C. h. hectori (Van Beneden, 1881). Hector's dolphin C. h. maui A. Baker, Smith and Pichler, 2002. Maui's dolphin Steno bredanensis (G. Cuvier in Lesson, 1828). Rough-toothed dolphin Sousa teuszii (Kükenthal, 1892). Atlantic humpback dolphin Sousa chinensis (Osbeck, 1765). Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin Sotalia fluviatilis (Gervais and Deville, 1853). Tucuxi, marine tucuxi Sotalia guianensis (Van Bénedén, 1864). Guiana dolphin, costero Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821). Common bottlenose dolphin T. t. truncatus (Montagu, 1821). Common bottlenose dolphin T. t. ponticus Barabash-Nikiforov, 1940. Black Sea bottlenose dolphin Tursiops aduncus (Ehrenberg, 1833). Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin Stenella attenuata (Gray, 1846). Pantropical spotted dolphin S. a. attenuata (Gray, 1846). Offshore pantropical spotted dolphin S. a. graffmani (Lönnberg, 1934). Coastal pantropical spotted dolphin Stenella frontalis (G. Cuvier, 1829). Atlantic spotted dolphin Stenella longirostris (Gray, 1828). Spinner dolphin S. l. longirostris (Gray, 1828). Gray's spinner dolphin S. l. orientalis Perrin, 1990. Eastern spinner dolphin S. l. centroamericana Perrin, 1990. Central American spinner dolphin S. l. roseiventris (Wagner, 1846). Dwarf spinner dolphin Stenella clymene (Gray, 1850). Clymene dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba (Meyen, 1853). Striped dolphin Delphinus delphis Linnaeus, 1758. Short-beaked common dolphin, saddleback dolphin D. d. delphis Linnaeus, 1758. Short-beaked common dolphin D. d. ponticus Barabash, 1935. Black Sea common dolphin Delphinus capensis Gray, 1828. Long-beaked common dolphin D. c. capensis Gray, 1828. Long-beaked common dolphin D. c. tropicalis van Bree, 1971. Indo-Pacific common dolphin Lagenodelphis hosei Fraser, 1956. Fraser's dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris (Gray, 1846). White-beaked dolphin Lagenorhynchus acutus (Gray, 1828). Atlantic white-sided dolphin Lagenorhynchus obliquidens Gill, 1865. Pacific white-sided dolphin Lagenorhynchus obscurus (Gray, 1828). Dusky dolphin L. o. obscurus (Gray, 1828). African dusky dolphin L. o. fitzroyi (Waterhouse, 1838). South American dusky dolphin L. o. un-named subsp. New Zealand dusky dolphin Lagenorhynchus australis (Peale, 1848). Peale's dolphin Lagenorhynchus cruciger (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824). Hourglass dolphin Lissodelphis borealis Peale, 1848. Northern right-whale dolphin Lissodelphis peronii (Lacépède, 1804). Southern right-whale dolphin Grampus griseus (G. Cuvier, 1812). Risso's dolphin, gray grampus Peponocephala electra (Gray, 1846). Melon-headed whale, Electra dolphin Feresa attenuata Gray, 1874. Pygmy killer whale Pseudorca crassidens (Owen, 1846). False killer whale Orcinus orca (Linnaeus, 1758). Killer whale, orca Globicephala melas (Traill, 1809). Long-finned pilot whale G. m. melas (Traill, 1809). North Atlantic long-finned pilot whale G. m. edwardii (A. Smith, 1834). Southern long-finned pilot whale G. m. un-named subsp. North Pacific long-finned pilot whale Globicephala macrorhynchus Gray, 1846. Short-finned pilot whale Orcaella brevirostris (Owen in Gray, 1866). Irrawaddy dolphin, pesut Orcaella heinsohni Beasley, Robertson and Arnold, 2005. Australian snubfin dolphin Family Phocoenidae (porpoises, 7 species)Neophocaena phocaenoides (G. Cuvier, 1829). Indo-Pacific finless porpoise Neophocaena asiaeorientalis Pilleri and Gihr, 1972. Narrow-ridged finless porpoise N. a. asiaeorientalis Pilleri and Gihr, 1972. Yangtze finless porpoise N. a. sunameri Pilleri and Gihr, 1975. East Asian finless porpoise, sunameri Phocoena phocoena (Linnaeus, 1758). Harbor porpoise, common porpoise P. p. phocoena (Linnaeus, 1758). Atlantic harbor porpoise P. p. vomerina (Gill, 1865). Eastern Pacific harbor porpoise P. p. relicta Abel, 1905. Black Sea harbor porpoise P. p. un-named subsp. Western Pacific harbor porpoise Phocoena sinus Norris and McFarland, 1958. Vaquita, Gulf of California harbor porpoise Phocoena spinipinnis Burmeister, 1865. Burmeister's porpoise Phocoena dioptrica Lahille, 1912. Spectacled porpoise Phocoenoides dalli (True, 1885). Dall's porpoise, Dall porpoise P. d. dalli (True, 1885). Dalli-type Dall's porpoise P. d. truei Andrews, 1911. Truei-type Dall's porpoise
ORDER SIRENIA (sirenians, 6 species – 1 extinct)Family TrichechidaeTrichechus manatus Linnaeus, 1758. West Indian manatee T. m. manatus Linnaeus, 1758. Antillean manatee T. m. latirostris (Harlan, 1824). Florida manatee Trichechus senegalensis Link, 1795. West African manatee Trichechus inunguis (Natterer, 1883). Amazonian manatee Family DugongidaeDugong dugon (Müller, 1776). Dugong Hydrodamalis gigas (Zimmerman, 1780). Steller's sea cow - extinct
Footnotes 1Use of Order Cetartiodactyla is favored by most evolutionary mammalogists working with molecular data. Some others, including many marine mammalogists and paleontologists, favor retention of Order Cetacea in the interest of taxonomic stability. 2(from A. Berta) There are as yet no genetic data to support Arctophoca as a genus distinct from Arctocephalus, and relevant phylogenetic studies of Actocephalus species related to A. phillippii have not been carried out. 3(from D. Rice) Baker et al. (2003) hold that there is no evidence that would support the classification of the right whales as more than a single biological species. [The three species are here recognized as phylogenetic species.] References Baker, A. N., A. N. H. Smith, and F. B. Pichler. 2002. Geographical variation in Hector's dolphin : recognition of a new subspecies of Cephalorhynchus hectori. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 32:713—727. Baker, R. J., L. C. Bradley, R. D. Bradley, J. W. Dragoo, M D., R. S. Hoffman, C. A Jones, F. Reid, D. W. Rice and C. Jones. 2003. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2003. Museum of Texas Tech University Occasional Papers 229:1—24. Beasley, I., K. M. Robertson and P. Arnold. 2005. Description of a new dolphin, the Australian snubfin dolphin Orcaella heinsohni sp. n. (Cetacea: Delphinidae). Marine Mammal Science 21: 365--400. Brunner, S. 2004. Fur seals and sea lions (Otariidae): identification of species and taxonomic review. Systematics and Biodiversity 1:339—439. Caballero, S., F. Trujillo, J. A. Vianna, H. Barrios-Garrido, M. G. Montiel, S. Beltrán-Pedreros, M. Marmontel, M. C. Santos, M. Rossi-Santos, F. R. Santos, and C. S. Baker. 2007. Taxonomic status of the genus Sotalia: species-level ranking for "tucuxi" (Sotalia fluviatilis) and "costero" (Sotalia guianensis) dolphins. Marine Mammal Science 23: 358--386. Clarke, R. 2004. Pygmy fin whales. Marine Mammal Science 20:329—334. Dalebout, M. L., J. G. 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Last updated 1 September 2010 by members of the Ad Hoc Committee on Taxonomy:
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